In Oracle, the CONCAT() function performs a string concatenation on its arguments. It returns the string that results from concatenating its arguments.

Concatenation is the operation of joining multiple strings end-to-end.

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In Oracle, the REPLACE() function allows you to replace a part of a string with another string.

The function accepts three arguments: the string, the substring to replace, and the replacement string (to replace the substring with).

You can omit the replacement string, in which case, the function will remove all instances of the substring.

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In Oracle, the LOWER() function returns its argument with all letters in lowercase.

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In Oracle, the UPPER() function returns its argument with all letters in uppercase.

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In Oracle, the NLS_INITCAP() function returns its argument with the first letter of each word in uppercase, and all other letters in lowercase.

However, the actual capitalisation will depend on the collation being used. For example, it could result in more than the first letter being capitalised.

It’s similar to the INITCAP() function, except that it accepts a second argument that allows you to specify the collation. The collation handles special linguistic requirements for case conversions. 

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In Oracle, the INITCAP() function returns its argument with the first letter of each word in uppercase, and all other letters in lowercase.

For special linguistic requirements for case conversions, you may want to try the NLS_INITCAP() function instead.

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In Oracle, the NCHR() function returns the character having the binary equivalent to its argument in the national character set.

It’s the equivalent of using the CHR() function with the USING NCHAR_CS argument.

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In Oracle, the CHR() function returns a character based on the code values provided as an argument.

More specifically, it returns the character having the binary equivalent to its argument as a VARCHAR2 value in either the database character set or, if you specify USING NCHAR_CS, the national character set.

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In Oracle, the TRIM() function allows you to trim characters from the sides of a string.

You can trim leading characters, trailing characters, or both.

By default, it trims white space, but you can optionally specify a different character or characters to trim.

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In Oracle, the LTRIM() function allows you to trim the left part of a string. By default, it trims white space, but you can optionally specify a different character or characters to trim.

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