SQL UNION Clause for Beginners

In SQL, the UNION clause concatenates the results of two queries into a single result set.

You can use the UNION clause with or without the ALL argument:

  • UNION ALL – Includes duplicates.
  • UNION – Excludes duplicates.

Some RDBMSs also accept UNION DISTINCT, which is the equivalent to UNION. That is, it excludes duplicates.

Below are some basic examples to demonstrate how it works.

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SQL AVG() for Beginners

In SQL, the AVG() function is an aggregate function that returns the average of all values in a given expression.

It can also be used to return the average of all distinct (unique) values in an expression.

The expression must be numeric (it cannot be character string, bit string, or datetime).

Below are some basic examples to demonstrate how it works.

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SQL SUM() for Beginners

In SQL, the SUM() function is an aggregate function that returns the sum of all values in a given expression.

It can also be used to return the sum of all distinct (unique) values in an expression.

The expression must be numeric (it cannot be character string, bit string, or datetime).

Below are some basic examples to demonstrate how it works.

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