SQL LPAD()

In SQL, LPAD()is a commonly used function that pads the left part of a string with a specified character. The function can be used on strings and numbers, although depending on the DBMS, numbers may have to be passed as a string before they can be padded.

DBMSs that have an LPAD() function include MySQL, MariaDB, PostgreSQL, and Oracle.

DBMSs that don’t have an LPAD() function include SQL Server and SQLite (although there are other ways to apply left padding in these DBMSs).

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SQL RPAD()

In SQL, RPAD()is used to pad the right part of a string with a specified character. The function can be used on strings and numbers, although depending on the DBMS, numbers may have to be passed as a string before they can be padded.

DBMSs that have an RPAD() function include MySQL, MariaDB, PostgreSQL, and Oracle.

DBMSs that don’t have an RPAD() function include SQL Server and SQLite.

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Oracle GROUP_CONCAT() Equivalent

Some RDBMSs have a GROUP_CONCAT() function that allows you to return a query column as a delimited list (for example, a comma separated list). MySQL and MariaDB are two that have such a function.

PostgreSQL and SQL Server have similar functions called STRING_AGG().

Oracle, on the other hand, has the LISTAGG() function that does pretty much the same thing (and perhaps more).

So you could say that LISTAGG() is Oracle’s GROUP_CONCAT() equivalent.

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