SQL Server’s Query Store can capture wait statistics that show what queries are waiting on during execution. This includes things like locks, I/O, CPU, memory, and other resources. This can help you understand not just that a query is slow, but why it’s slow. Wait statistics are available in SQL Server 2017 and later.
Using Window Functions with DATEDIFF() to Calculate Moving Averages of Durations in SQL Server
SQL Server’s window functions allow you to perform calculations across sets of rows that are related to the current row, without collapsing those rows into a single result like traditional GROUP BY aggregates would. When combined with the DATEDIFF() function, they can open up many options for analyzing temporal patterns in your data.
Moving averages smooth out short-term fluctuations to reveal longer-term trends in your data. Unlike a simple overall average that treats all historical data equally, a moving average focuses on a sliding window of recent events. This can be quite relevant when analyzing process durations, response times, or any time-based metric where you want to understand current performance trends without being overly influenced by distant historical data.
What is a Savepoint in SQL?
When working with databases, there’s a good chance you’ve had to deal with transactions. Transactions are those “all or nothing” blocks of work that make sure your data stays consistent. But what happens if you’re halfway through a transaction and realize that only part of it needs to be undone, not the whole thing? That’s where savepoints can help.
In SQL, a savepoint is basically a checkpoint you can set inside a transaction. It lets you roll back to that specific point if something goes wrong, without undoing everything that came before it. If something gets messed up, you can load your last save instead of starting again from scratch.
How to Identify Regressed Queries in SQL Server (T-SQL)
Query regression occurs when a query that previously performed well suddenly becomes slower, often due to a plan change. SQL Server’s Query Store makes it easy to identify these regressions by comparing recent performance against historical baselines.
SQL Server UNPIVOT Explained
Sometimes you need to do the reverse of pivoting – take data that’s spread across multiple columns and convert it back into rows. You might receive data in a wide format from Excel, need to normalize denormalized data for storage, or simply need to reshape data for a different type of analysis. Fortunately, SQL Server has the UNPIVOT operator which is designed for this very scenario.
Whereas PIVOT transforms rows into columns, UNPIVOT transforms column headers back into row values. This creates a narrower, longer dataset from a wide one.
Finding the Most Resource-Intensive Queries in SQL Server
Identifying queries that consume the most resources can help you prioritize performance optimization efforts. In SQL Server you can use Query Store to track CPU time, duration, memory usage, and I/O for every query. This makes it easy to find the biggest resource consumers in your database.
What is a MERGE Statement in SQL?
The MERGE statement is SQL’s convenient tool for synchronizing data between two tables. It lets you perform INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE operations in a single statement based on whether matching records exist. Instead of writing separate logic to check if a record exists and then deciding what to do with it, MERGE handles all of that in one go.
Most major database systems support MERGE, including SQL Server, Oracle, and DB2. PostgreSQL added native MERGE support in version 15, but if you’re on an older version, you can use INSERT … ON CONFLICT as an alternative. MySQL doesn’t have MERGE but offers INSERT … ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE for similar functionality.
How to Enable Query Store in SQL Server
Query Store is SQL Server’s built-in query performance tracking system that captures execution history, plans, and runtime statistics. From SQL Server 2022 it’s enabled by default for all newly created databases. But in earlier versions, it’s disabled by default, which means you’ll need to explicitly enable it on each database where you want to track query performance.
How to Find Queries with Multiple Execution Plans in SQL Server
When enabled on a database, SQL Server’s Query Store tracks all execution plans that the optimizer generates for each query. When a query has multiple plans, it often indicates parameter sniffing issues, statistics changes, or index modifications that caused the optimizer to choose different execution strategies over time.
What is Parameter Sniffing in SQL Server?
Parameter sniffing is a feature in SQL Server where the query optimizer examines (or “sniffs”) the parameter values the first time a stored procedure or parameterized query executes. It uses these specific values to create an execution plan optimized for those particular parameters. The plan is then cached and reused for subsequent executions, even when different parameter values are passed in.
This behavior can be efficient if the initial parameters are representative of typical queries, but it can also cause performance problems if later calls use very different parameter values that make the cached plan inefficient.